Katalay.net

What Is Tuberculosis?

0 3.938

What Is Tuberculosis?

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that usually affects the lungs. Compared with other diseases caused by a single infectious agent, tuberculosis is the second biggest killer, globally.

In 2015, 1.8 million people died from the disease, with 10.4 million falling ill.

In the 18th and 19th centuries, a tuberculosis epidemic rampaged throughout Europe and North America, before the German microbiologist Robert Koch discovered the microbial causes of tuberculosis in 1882.

Following Koch's discovery, the development of vaccines and effective drug treatment led to the belief that the disease was almost defeated. Indeed, at one point, the United Nations, predicted that tuberculosis (TB) would be eliminated worldwide by 2025.

However, in the mid-1980s, TB cases began to rise worldwide, so much so, that in 1993, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared that TB was a global emergency; the first time that a disease had been labeled as such.

Fast facts on Tuberculosis

Here are some key points about tuberculosis. More detail and supporting information is in the main article.

  • The World Health Organization estimates that 9 million people a year get sick with TB, with 3 million of these "missed" by health systems
  • TB is among the top 3 causes of death for women aged 15 to 44
  • TB symptoms (cough, fever, night sweats, weight loss, etc.) may be mild for many months, and people ill with TB can infect up to 10-15 other people through close contact over the course of a year
  • TB is an airborne pathogen, meaning that the bacteria that cause TB can spread through the air from person to person

What is tuberculosis?

Doctors make a distinction between two kinds of tuberculosis infection: latent and active.

Latent TB - the bacteria remain in the body in an inactive state. They cause no symptoms and are not contagious, but they can become active.

Active TB - the bacteria do cause symptoms and can be transmitted to others.

About one-third of the world's population is believed to have latent TB. There is a 10 percent chance of latent TB becoming active, but this risk is much higher in people who have compromised immune systems, i.e., people living with HIV or malnutrition, or people who smoke.

TB affects all age groups and all parts of the world. However, the disease mostly affects young adults and people living in developing countries. In 2012, 80 percent of reported TB cases occurred in just 22 countries.

What Is Tuberculosis?

Diagnosis of Tuberculosis

To check for TB, a doctor will use a stethoscope to listen to the lungs and check for swelling in the lymph nodes. They will also ask about symptoms and medical history as well as assessing the individual's risk of exposure to TB.

The most common diagnostic test for TB is a skin test where a small injection of PPD tuberculin, an extract of the TB bacterium, is made just below the inside forearm.

The injection site should be checked after 2-3 days, and, if a hard, red bump has swollen up to a specific size, then it is likely that TB is present.

Unfortunately, the skin test is not 100 percent accurate and has been known to give incorrect positive and negative readings.

However, there are other tests that are available to diagnose TB. Blood tests, chest X-rays, and sputum tests can all be used to test for the presence of TB bacteria and may be used alongside a skin test.

MDR-TB is more difficult to diagnose than regular TB. It is also difficult to diagnose regular TB in children.

Treatments for Tuberculosis

The majority of TB cases can be cured when the right medication is available and administered correctly. The precise type and length of antibiotic treatment depend on a person's age, overall health, potential resistance to drugs, whether the TB is latent or active, and the location of infection (i.e., the lungs, brain, kidneys).

People with latent TB may need just one kind of TB antibiotics, whereas people with active TB (particularly MDR-TB) will often require a prescription of multiple drugs.

Antibiotics are usually required to be taken for a relatively long time. The standard length of time for a course of TB antibiotics is about 6 months.

TB medication can be toxic to the liver, and although side effects are uncommon, when they do occur, they can be quite serious. Potential side effects should be reported to a doctor and include:

  • Dark urine
  • Fever
  • Jaundice
  • Loss of appetite
  • Nausea and vomiting

What Is Tuberculosis?

It is important for any course of treatment to be completed fully, even if the TB symptoms have gone away. Any bacteria that have survived the treatment could become resistant to the medication that has been prescribed and could lead to developing MDR-TB in the future.

Directly observed therapy (DOT) may be recommended. This involves a healthcare worker administering the TB medication to ensure that the course of treatment is completed.
What causes tuberculosis?

The Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium causes TB. It is spread through the air when a person with TB (whose lungs are affected) coughs, sneezes, spits, laughs, or talks.

TB is contagious, but it is not easy to catch. The chances of catching TB from someone you live or work with are much higher than from a stranger. Most people with active TB who have received appropriate treatment for at least 2 weeks are no longer contagious.

Since antibiotics began to be used to fight TB, some strains have become resistant to drugs. Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) arises when an antibiotic fails to kill all of the bacteria, with the surviving bacteria developing resistance to that antibiotic and often others at the same time.

MDR-TB is treatable and curable only with the use of very specific anti-TB drugs, which are often limited or not readily available. In 2012, around 450,000 people developed MDR-TB.

Prevention of Tuberculosis

A few general measures can be taken to prevent the spread of active TB.

Avoiding other people by not going to school or work, or sleeping in the same room as someone, will help to minimize the risk of germs from reaching anyone else.

Wearing a mask, covering the mouth, and ventilating rooms can also limit the spread of bacteria.

TB vaccination

In some countries, BCG injections are given to children to vaccinate them against tuberculosis. It is not recommended for general use in the U.S. because it is not effective in adults, and it can adversely influence the results of skin testing diagnoses.

The most important thing to do is to finish entire courses of medication when they are prescribed. MDR-TB bacteria are far deadlier than regular TB bacteria. Some cases of MDR-TB require extensive courses of chemotherapy, which can be expensive and cause severe adverse drug reactions in patients.

What Is Tuberculosis?

Risk factors

People with compromised immune systems are most at risk of developing active tuberculosis. For instance, HIV suppresses the immune system, making it harder for the body to control TB bacteria. People who are infected with both HIV and TB are around 20-30 percent more likely to develop active TB than those who do not have HIV.

Tobacco use has also been found to increase the risk of developing active TB. About 8 percent of TB cases worldwide are related to smoking.

People with the following conditions have an increased risk:

  • diabetes
  • certain cancers
  • malnutrition
  • kidney disease

Also, people who are undergoing cancer therapy, anyone who is very young or old, and people who abuse drugs are more at risk.

Travel to certain countries where TB is more common increases the level of risk, too.

Countries with higher tuberculosis rates

The following countries have the highest TB rates, globally:

  • Africa - particularly West African and sub-Saharan Africa
  • Afghanistan
  • Southeast Asia: including Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, and Indonesia
  • China
  • Russia
  • South America
  • Western Pacific region - including the Philippines, Cambodia, and Vietnam

Complications

If left untreated, TB can be fatal. Although it mostly affects the lungs, it can also spread through the blood, causing complications, such as:

  • Meningitis: swelling of the membranes that cover the brain.
  • Spinal pain.
  • Joint damage.
  • Damage to the liver or kidneys.
  • Heart disorders: this is more rare.

Outlook

Fortunately, with proper treatment, the vast majority of cases of tuberculosis are curable. Cases of TB have decreased in the United States since 1993, but the disease remains a concern.

Without proper treatment, up to two-thirds of people ill with tuberculosis will die.

Write a Review

Facebook Comments

Recent Posts

What Happens When You Quit Smoking – A TimelineWhat Happens When You Quit Smoking – A Timeline

Every year more than 7 million people die as a result o...

0 2.742
Types Of Yoga, Which One Is Best For You?Types Of Yoga, Which One Is Best For You?

There are two types of people in the world - those who ...

0 3.060
10 Amazing Health Benefits Of Apricot Juice10 Amazing Health Benefits Of Apricot Juice

Originally from China, the use of apricots began almost...

0 3.457

Most Read

This Honey, Lemon And Cinnamon Drink Will Help You Lose Pounds In A WeekThis Honey, Lemon And Cinnamon Drink Will Help You Lose Pounds In A Week

The most effective way to lose weight is to do aerobic ...

1 10.567
Cheap & Healthy Shopping List for StudentsCheap & Healthy Shopping List for Students

Cheap & Healthy Shopping List for StudentsStaying o...

0 10.002
What You Need To Know About LymphomaWhat You Need To Know About Lymphoma

Lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system. It affect...

0 6.252

Popular Posts

This Honey, Lemon And Cinnamon Drink Will Help You Lose Pounds In A WeekThis Honey, Lemon And Cinnamon Drink Will Help You Lose Pounds In A Week

The most effective way to lose weight is to do aerobic ...

1 10.567
How To Treat Severe EczemaHow To Treat Severe Eczema

Eczema is a common skin condition that results in red, ...

0 3.542
Colon Cancer: Could Exercise Halt Tumor Growth?Colon Cancer: Could Exercise Halt Tumor Growth?

New research published in the Journal of Physiology sug...

0 2.699

Tags